The quality factor of a notch filter is, Q= (f2 - f1)/fcenter. The … The result is the last formular you give. How to calculate the mean/center frequency of the spectrum? On the other hand, the -3dB cutoff points do not have maximum gain. Why amplitude does not make sense? Hello! it is very common to use a mean/center definition based on an energetic weight, ie dB, defining a threshold. how to calculate center frequency. is also called instantaneous amplitude. ratio of the center frequency of the bandpass over the entire The -3dB cutoff points are also referred to as the lower cutoff frequency and upper cutoff frequency of a filter circuit. I have not found yet useful references for other powers (still searching). As soon as the carrier is modulated, the signal's energy is spread over a wider bandwidth. So every often, the mean frequency is defined as: $$\overline{\omega}_2 = \frac{\int_{\mathbb{R}^+} \omega|X(\omega)|^2d\omega}{\int_{\mathbb{R}^+}|X(\omega)|^2d\omega}\,.$$ Finding the right measure to compare sound signals in the frequency domain, Metric Spaces: Why $L_\infty$ selects the maximum value, chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/56145/the-mean-frequency, Podcast 302: Programming in PowerPoint can teach you a few things, Calculating the Spectral Centroid of a Signal. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. The number of events that happen in one second is described as frequency in the units called Hertz (Hz). 1n+φ1) corresponds to a signal with real time: x(nT) = C1 cos(ω1nT +φ1), where ω′ 1 again denotes normalized frequency and ω1 denotes corresponding real frequency. Now, I want to shift this to the center of the frequency domain. Essential bandwidth is the portion of the frequency spectrum that contains most of the signal energy. The quality factor shows how narrow or wide the stopband is for a notch filter. where $W(X(\omega))$ is a weighting function that (may) depend on the spectrum $X$. Another analog modulation technique is frequency modulation (FM) 9. So to receive any signal containing information, the receiver must listen to some range of frequencies, in your case a 25 kHz channel. The repetition of each period over time is called Frequency (f) and determined using this formula: f = 1/T. High Pass Filter Calculator The center frequency represents the midpoint frequency in between the -3dB cutoff frequencies of a bandpass or notch filter. Therefore, from the frequency resolution, the entire frequency axis can be computed as moments of frequency of the signal: Here Z( f) is the spectrum of the complex signal. Therefore, for a bandpass filter, the quality factor, Q= fcenter/ The cutoff frequency is known as a frequency creating a boundary between pass and stop band. Assume that the Fourier Transform of $x(t)$ is $X(j\omega)$. Below we illustrate an FM modulated signal in which the center frequency is 500 kHz. The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) transforms discrete data from the sample domain to the frequency domain. Here, we will take an example to make you understand the use of the FFT. For example, if you have a bandpass filter from 2 kHz to 20 kHz, it covers a 10:1 range. Reset. Vote. In analog frequency modulation, such as radio broadcasting, of an audio signal representing voice or music, the instantaneous frequency deviation, i.e. (I haven't taken any signal processing courses yet so my understanding between these distinctions and how to solve for them is still quite minimal) Thanks again! Concatenate files placing an empty line between them. Yep. I want to find out the frequency where the amplitude spectrum is biggest. So this calculator is perfectly applicable to either bandpass filters or notch filters. I want to know the center frequency of the signal. As soon as the carrier is modulated, the signal's energy is spread over a wider bandwidth. Fs = 1000; % I'll create a signal consisting of a 100 Hz sine wave in noise. filter circuit. The reason the input signal is correlated with sin and cos functions is to account for phase differences between the input signal and basis functions. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Another situation: assume that the signal is discrete $x[n]$. In that case, we can use the magnitudes of the nearby bins to determine the actual signal frequency. a "sideband" rather than a single RF frequency. - The Nyquist criterium determines that your sampling frequency needs to be at least 2x the bandwidth of interest. As the corresponding values of signals have to be equal, arguments of the signals have to equal too. The center frequency is very useful not only because it shows the midpoint of the cutoff frequencies, thus showing the ideal middle spot of maximum gain, but it's also useful Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. I am going to assume you mean carrier signal. As you remarked, the notion of center frequency is not evident. For example, a square wave is shown in Fig. it is very common to use a mean/center definition based on an energetic weight, ie a square of the absolute spectrum. However, real-world signals are often more complex. If a US president is convicted for insurrection, does that also prevent his children from running for president? In the graph below, the FM deviation has been selected as 425 kHz. filter it out. FM radio stations broadcast at frequencies in the range of 88 to 108 MHz, but the base frequency for each station always ends in 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, or 0.9. 0 ⋮ Vote. To see a visual of the centfrq determines the peak frequency in Fourier transform of the wavelet which is the center frequency, then for increasing scales the center frequency is . Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Let's say that this signal is centered around (812, 812). When I check the frequency allocation via HDHomeRun channel 56 (an independent station) has a frequency of 32-2. Bandpass Filter Calculator The center frequency and the variance of a unidirectional Doppler signal can be estimated from the phase and the magnitude, respectively, of the pole (among two poles) with larger phase. For simplicity and randomly, we take the sampling frequency as 1000 (sampes/second). There has to be a better way! Hi All, is there a programmic way to take a set of FIR Filter Taps and, knowing if it is a bandpass/stopband, find its center frequency and passband width? [EDIT] If just want to compute the location of the maximum amplitude, you just have to compute the maximum. rev 2021.1.11.38289, The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Signal Processing Stack Exchange works best with JavaScript enabled, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, Learn more about hiring developers or posting ads with us, $$\bar{\omega} = \int \omega X(j\omega)\ d\omega$$, @LaurentDuval Yep, I want to find out the frequency which amplitude is the. During the first second, the signal consists of a 400 Hz sinusoid and a concave quadratic chirp. Center Frequency of Bandpass and Notch Filters. if you divide the clock rate to a “human” frequency you can use it to blink a LED. So every often, the mean frequency is defined as: $$\overline{\omega}_2 = \frac{\int_{\mathbb{R}^+} \omega|X(\omega)|^2d\omega}{\int_{\mathbb{R}^+}|X(\omega)|^2d\omega}\,.$$. So I want reference for the formula. Whether a filter is low or high pass is determined by its center frequency. Notch Filter Calculator, Center Frequency of Bandpass and Notch Filters. Frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. is it nature or nurture? In this case, this formula could represent the center frequency? Example: find out the frequency of a signal by using Matlab. The center is then half way between these in ratio terms, which is the (square root of 10) = 3.16. And I want to calculate the $\bar{\omega}$ which is the center freqency in the spectrum ( the highest). in which there is maximum attenuation of the signal. maximum gain. So we could just compute a period $[-\pi, \pi]$. Memobird can only be connected to the 2.4Ghz band on Wi-Fi routers or access points (AP). Hello, I have a band limited signal. Offset tune away from it on your center frequency (which means every flowgraph I make or download I’m going to have to custom change to actually get a clean center frequency signal to make them work. Use MathJax to format equations. It is part of the passband that has You identify the peak in the Fourier transform, find the index in DFT vector corresponding to that peak and relate that to frequency. It only takes a minute to sign up. For example: % sampling frequency is 1 kHz. The -3dB cutoff points are also referred to as the Wavelength. The only signal that exists exactly at one frequency is an unmodulated carrier, and such a signal contains no information. Figure 3. Since the fft gives you the frequency representation of the signal, you want to look for the maximum, and since the fft is a complex signal, you will want to take the absolute value first. The wide range of frequencies is evident by observing the minimum amplitude of the baseband, when the modulated frequency is very small. Whenever you're interested in frequency content of a signal, the Fast Fourier Transform is often an excellent tool to use (see help fft). Only the first few sidebands will contain the major share of the power (98% of the total power) and therefore only these few bands are considered to be significant sidebands.. As a rule of thumb, often termed as Carsonâs Rule, 98% of the signal power in FM is contained within a bandwidth equal to the deviation frequency, plus the modulation frequency doubled. This puts the center frequency at (2 kHz)*3.16 = 6.32 kHz. Remove trend and detect peaks in a photoplethysmogram(PPG) signal ; How to save spectrogram of signal as image ? Letâs imagine we have a signal and we donât know its sampling frequency. Frequency spectrum of a signal is the range of frequencies contained by a signal. During the Wi-Fi configuration, both your smartphone and your Memobird need to connect to the 2.4Ghz band. Matlab has provided the centfrq function for calculating the center frequency. Similarly, in the case of phase or frequency modulations, the concept of instantaneous phase or instantaneous frequency is required for describing the modulated signal. as . unprocessed signal information such as voltage, power, period, wave shape, sidebands, and frequency. The "mean" $\overline{\omega}_W$ will depend on the choice of $W$. Where did all the old discussions on Google Groups actually come from? The technology is used in telecommunications, radio broadcasting, signal processing, and computing.. The room between the center and both ends is the same: (20 kHz)/(6.32 kHz) = 3.2 (6.32 kHz)/(2 kHz) = 3.2 For a notch, or bandstop filter, the center frequency is also referred to as the null frequency or the notch frequency. To use this calculator, simply enter the lower cutoff frequency and the upper cutoff frequency. This airView video tutorialis also available. It is described with other moments in Chapter 6.1 Spectral shape description. What is the role of a permanent lector at a Traditional Latin Mass? i have given the … Below, we can see the frequency domain of a square wave signal. By carefully choosing a sample frequency, the application can place the Nyquist point at any value. Advertisement. Setting the center frequency also allows identification and tuning on a proton species of interest. It can be represented by a series of sine waves, S ( t ) = 4 A / π sin(2 πft ) + 4 A /3 π sin(2 π (3 f ) t ) + 4 A /5 π sin(2 π (5 f ) t + …) having frequency components f , 3 f , and 5 f , and amplitudes 4 A / π , 4 A /3 π , and 4 A /5 π and so on. lower cutoff frequency and upper cutoff frequency of a filter circuit. Notice the large spike at the fundamental frequency. Your question is perhaps too generic, however to find frequency components of a signal in Matlab the FFT command is braodly used.Have a look here Because 1.2 MHz is 200 kHz above the sampling frequency (fs), the signal alias will show up at 200 kHz. It was obtained for ultrasound imaging purpose. Note that the frequency variations in a frequency-modulated signal are all within a small proportion of the carrier-wave frequency. The cutoff frequency equation for first order high pass filter is same as low pass filter. @LaurentDuval Yep, I have tried the code. The null frequency represents the midpoint in the stopband This guide will explain how to determine the best channel configuration for your wireless network using the built-in airOS airView Spectrum Analyzer utility. For example, a square wave is shown in Fig. When you quote a frequency for a radio station, you generally quote the frequency of the carrier.But when you superimpose a signal on the carrier by AM or FM, you produce sidebands at the sum and difference of the carrier frequency f C and modulation frequency f M.This means that the transmitted signal is spread out in frequency over a bandwidth which is twice the highest frequency in the signal. The index will correspond to the normalized frequency with maximum energy. Typically, the frequency stays within 100 kHz of the base frequency. Now, what exactly qualifies as the center of the frequency domain? Now, the . The center frequency represents the midpoint frequency in between the -3dB cutoff frequencies of a bandpass or notch filter. For a bandpass filter, the quality factor is the As $p\to\infty$, this estimator converges to the location of a maximum, as demonstrated in Metric Spaces: Why $L_\infty$ selects the maximum value. is the Fourier transform of the impulse response h( ). Specify the chirp so that it is symmetric about the interval midpoint, starting and ending at a frequency of 250 Hz and attaining a minimum of 150 Hz. The quality factor shows how narrow or wide the passband is for a bandpass filter. Was there ever any actual Spaceballs merchandise? What is the mean and center frequency of the spectrum? 3.5A . center frequency. Bandwidth of FM Signal. Accepted Answer: Wayne King. Follow 61 views (last 30 days) Lai on 1 Apr 2012. a square of the absolute spectrum. For example, if you have a bandpass filter from 2 kHz to 20 kHz, it covers a 10:1 range. What do they really mean by maximum frequency anyways? Does Wall of Fire hurt people inside a Leomund’s Tiny Hut? All Wi-Fi routers have a 2.4Ghz band, but the newer routers are often dual-band router with 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz bands. You may use the envelope detector available in the TIMS utilities plug-in card; however, its bandwidth is rather low. The eigenvalue corresponding to the complex exponential signal with frequency !0 is H(!0), where H(!) The mean should not change if you multiply every $X(w)$ by the same quantity. For a notch filter circuit, the quality factor is defined as the ratio of the entire stopband from f2 to f1 errorplot coupled by shaded region of the dataset, replace text with part of text using regex with bash perl. I just use MATLAB to test a signal. For orthogonal transforms, based on the energy conservation: $$\int [x(t)|^2dt = \int [X(\omega)|^2d\omega$$. t = 0:0.001:1-0.001; x â¦ When $p=1$, this is called the spectral centroid, or "brightness" (of sound), or simply "centre of gravity of amplitudes". Matlab uses the FFT to find the frequency components of a discrete signal. Signal Processing Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for practitioners of the art and science of signal, image and video processing. Makarov and A.S. Sizov Subject: International Journal of Soft Computing Keywords: Means the automated radio monitoring, the center frequency of the signal, fast fourier transform, continuous wavelet transform, Russia Created Date This choice is very sensitive when dealing with time/frequency location uncertainty related to the Weyl-Pauli-Heisenberg inequalities. m. Click here to view image. The technology is used in telecommunications, radio broadcasting, signal processing, and computing.. So this is an important metric for dealing with certain type of filters that requires the calculation of a Thanks for contributing an answer to Signal Processing Stack Exchange! Determination of Center Frequency of the Signal on the Basis on Wavelet Transformation Author: K.S. The center is then half way between these in ratio terms, which is the (square root of 10) = 3.16. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. This puts the center frequency at (2 kHz)*3.16 = 6.32 kHz. Basics of frequency spectrum for onset detection using FFT, Effect of sampling interval length and Gaussian noise on the frequency-spectrum, Fourier transform of certain noisy function, Standard deviation of the spectrum of white noise, How to properly smooth the phase of a spectrum (or any unit-complex function), Steady state variance of a stochastic differential equation - relation between the frequency and time domains, Check equality of an objects array property and a nested object property. Or is there something else going on that … $$\overline{\omega}_p = \frac{\int_{\mathbb{R}^+} \omega|X(\omega)|^pd\omega}{\int_{\mathbb{R}^+}|X(\omega)|^pd\omega}\,.$$. Setting the center frequency also allows identification and tuning on a proton species of interest. Thanks. On voice, the complex mixture of multiple simultaneous audio frequencies in the voice causes a corresponding group of simultaneous RF frequencies to be generated; i.e. Low Pass Filter Calculator Frequency spectrum of a signal is the range of frequencies contained by a signal. over the center frequency of the stopband, which is referred to as the null frequency or notch frequency. A vector signal analyzer can display the data in the same way as a spectrum analyzer, but it has the added ability to display and process the time data of the signal. After I perform a FFT and center the frequencies, I get the a signal that looks like the following in the frequency domain. Intersection of two Jordan curves lying in the rectangle, Tikz getting jagged line when plotting polar function. There is a low-frequency baseline drift and a high-frequency signal in that appear to be spikes (EKG, perhaps). Now, I want to shift this to the center of the frequency domain. fcenter= √  f1 f2. Here, is the angular frequency of the signal measured in radians/sec and is related to the temporal frequency . I assume that your signal is real (since you are talking about a maximum, not well defined in the complex domain). So to receive any signal containing information, the receiver must listen to some range of frequencies, in your case a 25 kHz channel. Why does Steven Pinker say that “can’t” + “any” is just as much of a double-negative as “can’t” + “no” is in “I can’t get no/any satisfaction”? However, what is the algorithm? The formula is shown by, Maybe I did not state the center frequency clearly. site design / logo © 2021 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. Result. By taking the magnitude of the complex FFT output, you get a measure of how well the input signal correlates with sinusoids at a set of frequencies regardless of the input signal phase. We see that a low-frequency signal in frequency range 0 â¢ fs â¢ fmax (baseband signal) can be transmitted as a signal in the frequency range fc ¡fmax â¢ f â¢ fc ¡fmax ("RF" (radio frequency) signal). When $p=2$, this is sometimes called the power spectral centroid. Since its amplitude spectrum is symmetric about $0$, this possible center of mass is useless, since it is the same for all real signals (the zero-frequency). So, as an interpretation, this sampling rate is sufficient to sample the frequency envelope of the signal in its pass band. Determining the signal bandwidth is simple when it comes to sine waves – this is simply the fundamental frequency – and the minimum sample rate required to perfectly reconstruct that signal would just over 2 times the fundamental frequency. You could reply to me if you have time. The center frequency will be then be calculated and displayed. So, for a notch filter, the quality factor is the entire stopband from the -3dB cutoff points over the null frequency, where the attenuation is the greatest. If the spectrum of the real signal was used in (17), all odd moments would be zero since IS( f)I2 is even, and this would not fit well with physical reality. (f2 - f1). cosine signal will leave a spike at the 8th sample (10/1.25=8), which is located at index 9 (See next figure). See this Answer (link) for an illustration. Could you discuss with me in the chat? Then I will go on to explain the frequency of a carrier signal in relation to the signal being carried. Divide the velocity of the wave, V, by the wavelength converted into meters, Î», in order to find the frequency, f. Example: f = V / Î» = 320 / 0.000000322 = 993788819.88 = 9.94 x 10^8 4 For example, the center frequency is used to calculate the quality factor of a bandpass or notch Can anyone know about the algorithm used in matlab for calculating the center frequency by using the given scale? More likely, one is looking at a more useful quantity, based on a one-sided spectrum: $$\overline{\omega}_W = \int_{\mathbb{R}^+} \omega W(X(\omega))d\omega$$. Enter the Frequency to Calculate the Wavelength. The term . What's the fastest / most fun way to create a fork in Blender? If the signal frequency is more than the cutoff frequency for a high pass filter then it will cause the signal to pass. Now I want to do the calculation. As a result, the alias frequency of the high-frequency component can be precisely placed anywhere in the frequency spectrum. frequency or the null frequency. bandpass region from the lower to upper cutoff frequencies. ), and in this case the actual span is 49964.0570746 Hz, not 50000 Hz. The clock is a periodic signal changing very fast, so you cannot directly connect to a LED but…. 0. Let's say that this signal is centered around (812, 812). In electrical engineering and telecommunications, the center frequency of a filter or channel is a measure of a central frequency between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies.It is usually defined as either the arithmetic mean or the geometric mean of the lower cutoff frequency and the upper cutoff frequency of a band-pass system or a band-stop system. Means here the minimum is 160 Mhz. Thank you! There are a couple options for finding the frequency of an analog input signal: There is an example shipped with LabVIEW showing an approach using Extract Single Tone Information VI: In Example Finder, open Analysis, Signal Processing and Mathematics » Signal Processing » Single Tone Measurements.vi. If the actual frequency of a signal does not fall on the center frequency of a DFT (FFT) bin, several bins near the actual frequency will appear to have a signal component. When you quote a frequency for a radio station, you generally quote the frequency of the carrier.But when you superimpose a signal on the carrier by AM or FM, you produce sidebands at the sum and difference of the carrier frequency f C and modulation frequency f M.This means that the transmitted signal is spread out in frequency over a bandwidth which is twice the highest frequency in the signal. Square Wave: The square wave, and any other signal except a sine wave, will be composed of the fundamental tone plus some additional high frequency components. >> abs(X(8:10)) %display samples 7 to 9 ans = 0.0000 128.0000 0.0000. The cutoff frequency of a device (microphone, amplifier, loudspeaker) is the frequency at which the output voltage level is decreased to a value of (â)3 dB below the input voltage level (0 dB). You can base it on an absolute value, or something else (positive). Generally, the center frequency is calculated by the square root of the product of the 2 cutoff frequencies. ; Use LabVIEW's built-in signal analysis Express VIs, e.g. They have a -3dB drop in gain, which represents 0.707V of the maximum voltage of the filter circuit. Find center frequency from Taps? Let's say we wish to determine the resonant frequency of an LC circuit that has an inductor of 3 mH, and a capacitor of 3 µF. Is it (512, 512), (512, 513), (513, 512), or (513, 513)? However, for narrowband bandpass filters where the ratio of f2/f1 is less than 1.1, the center frequency can be approximated by the addition of Why is my child so scared of strangers? The reason is scaling homogeneity. I still have a question. How to determine the “variability” in a frequency range? … The only signal that exists exactly at one frequency is an unmodulated carrier, and such a signal contains no information. Related Question. In analog frequency modulation, such as radio broadcasting, of an audio signal representing voice or music, the instantaneous frequency deviation, i.e. c = Speed of Light (299,792,458 m/s) f = Frequency. Divide the velocity by the wavelength. However, the difference between the center frequency and the start frequency (24982.0285373 Hz) is an integer number of bin sizes (exactly 421). If I have a signal, $$f(t) = 2048 + 700cos(2\pi31.25t) - 1100sin(2\pi125t)$$ How do I go about finding the maximum frequency? The 0 dB level is the level of the peak of the scope response. The lowest frequency will be 100 khz below the center frequency and the upper limit will be 100 khz above the center frequency. center frequency of a notch filter against a bandpass filter, see What would make a plant's leaves razor-sharp? 4 a. More specifically, Matlab's PWELCH function will provide a Power Spectral Density estimate using Welch's method: [Pxx,F] = pwelch (X,WINDOW,NOVERLAP,NFFT,Fs) Great graduate courses that went online recently. A high quality factor indicates the passband or stopband is narrow, while a low quality factor indicates the passband or stopband is wide. I note that AntennasDirect.com lists the frequency just as 32 and I was hoping that would be the case but I'm still getting Service Unavailable â¦ For a bandpass filter, the center frequency and frequencies in close proximity to it are where there will be maximum gain in the passband. Frequency components of a sine wave. Find a Freeview transmitter by frequency This page will find a digital transmitter by selecting two of the broadcast frequency channels used for a digital multiplex. because it is used to calculate other useful metrics for either bandpass or notch filter circuits. Find link is a tool written by Edward Betts.. searching for Center frequency 130 found (145 total) alternate case: center frequency Spectrum analyzer (3,786 words) exact match in snippet view article find links to article receiver to down-convert a portion of the input signal spectrum to the center frequency of a narrow band-pass filter, whose instantaneous output power is recorded I mean, connect the clock to a module that implements a counter to generate a slow signal that can drive a LED for instance at the toggling rate of one second. ; Use LabVIEW's built-in signal analysis Express VIs, e.g. There are a couple options for finding the frequency of an analog input signal: There is an example shipped with LabVIEW showing an approach using Extract Single Tone Information VI: In Example Finder, open Analysis, Signal Processing and Mathematics » Signal Processing » Single Tone Measurements.vi. This point exists in between the -3dB cutoff frequencies, just like with a bandpass filter. The center frequency calculator calculates the center frequency of either a bandpass filter or the center frequency of notch filter, which is also referred to as the notch As a result, the modulated signal will have instantaneous frequencies from 75 kHz to 925 kHz. Best Answer. Now, what exactly qualifies as the center of the frequency domain? â (â)3 dB corresponds to a factor of â½ = 1/â2 = 0.7071, which is 70.71% of the input voltage. After I perform a FFT and center the frequencies, I get the a signal that looks like the following in the frequency domain. Here f 0 is the center frequency, f H is the higher cut-off frequency, and f L is the lower cut-off frequency. Choose the center frequency of your FM signal to be in the center of the linear region, and the bandwidth chosen to keep the spectrum in the linear region. 3.5A . If the bandwidth is 4 MHz and the center frequency is 8 MHz, the fractional bandwidth is 50%. Formula: λ = C/f Where, λ (Lambda) = Wavelength in meters. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is an efficient way to do the DFT, and there are many different algorithms to accomplish the FFT. Javascript function to return an array that needs to be in a specific order, depending on the order of a different array. Frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. This statement is true in both CT and DT and in both 1D and 2D (and higher). as shown in the example â¦ Gaborâs complex signal is referred to as the âanalytic signalâ¦ as shown in the example … A code was given in the answer to Finding the right measure to compare sound signals in the frequency domain.
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